The word emotion comes from the Latin “emotum” and the “emovere” verb which means to move or remove, interpreting that every emotion mobilizes since it relates to action.
Emotions are impulses to act, to respond to a stimulus such as an object or a particular situation. Emotions have an important role to experience the skiing environment since they dispose our body for action and shape our behavior in the mountains.
Emotional responses come from our evolutionary past. Humans needed emotions to survive; as they required fear to escape from predators, and aggression to defend themselves. Today, emotions are necessary to act on the environment in which we find ourselves. They help us guiding our attention to something and some theorists claim that emotions are the primary motivational system in human behavior.
They are adaptations and reactions of our nervous system to a stimulus, which are manifested with body physiological changes initiated and processed in specific brain areas that make up the limbic system including, among others, the thalamus, the hypothalamus, the amygdala, and the hippocampus.
These adaptation responses to a given situation are composed of three aspects: the physiological aspect in terms of bodily reactions such as cardiac and respiratory rhythm, the piloerection (commonly called “goose bumps”), and excessive sweating; the behavioral aspect (immobilization, attack or escape behavior), alarm reflex and vocal and/or facial expressions, and finally, the subjective aspect which is the internal state of the person (our own feelings).
In the brain´s activity, there is an interaction between emotion and cognition (reasoning, evaluating, and deciding). Emotions are related to this activity in certain brain areas that make us orient attention and guide our conduct while skiing.
The emotional reaction to a situation may be activated before being conscious of that situation. Emotional arousal influences cognitive processes, organizing and coordinating brain activities (Franks, 2006), but in relation to cognition and emotion, there is not a general consensus about which prevails, however, a proper conclusion would be that there is a closed interaction between them.
In the emotional experience, it can be distinguished the phenomenology (body changes) and the awareness of emotion, i.e., how it is experienced and what it means to each one of us.
According to James (1884), body changes will be displayed after the perception of an event and the sensation of those changes is the emotion. Emotions are triggered once we visually perceive an object or situation that may be pleasant or unpleasant, so it can be deduced that looking triggers emotional responses.
As there are different types, scientists agree in general to take as reference the following primary or basic emotions: anger, disgust, happiness, fear, sadness, and surprise.
Bodily changes displayed in the emotional process
We have mentioned that emotions are responses generated in the brain creating body reactions by altering the stability of our physiological state. As they come from our evolution as humans in which originally helped survival, they produce quick reactions to threats of the environment, as they are the generating forces of many of the behaviors in different skiing situations.
Our brain works detecting situations that our mind perceives as threats (something dangerous) or as rewards (something gratifying), and by doing so releases, between other substances, adrenaline or dopamine depending on the stressful or pleasant situation.
The cerebral amygdala participates in the emotional arousal regulating chemical neurotransmitters release, which are essential to consolidate our skiing memory, and this contributes to deeply remember emotional events. Being physical, emotions can be measured objectively by the bloodstream, brain activity; heart and breathing frequency; facial expressions; and our language and body posture.
Emotions are perceptions (conscious or unconscious) of our body changes to a stimulus. These changes can be eyes wide open; raised eyebrows; dilated nostrils; rigid posture; palpitations; pale skin; dry mouth; vocal hesitation; tight jaw; weakened or trembling limbs; stomach tension; our impossibility for reasoning; erratic looking; sweating and immobility (paralysis) or mobility (escape) reactions. Some authors argue that emotions are bodily perceptions plus the appraisal (situation assessment).
Emotions take place according to our physiological changes, being us conscious or unconscious of it, and these changes are aimed at the immediate relationship with the environment for preserving our survival.
According to these considerations, you can apply the following recommendations in your own skiing:
- Remember that your emotions have an important role while experiencing the skiing environment since they dispose your body for action, or inaction, shaping your behavior in the slopes.
- You will know you are undergoing an emotional experience because you will feel bodily reactions that influence your skiing.
- Avoid controlling your negative emotions, instead, try to regulate them so by diminishing their level they will not affect you as much.
- Your mind triggers negative emotions when visually perceiving an object or an unpleasant situation. So, as looking triggers emotional responses, avoid orienting constantly your gaze to potential threats.
- As looking for potential threats triggers negative emotions, also avoid thinking about them.
