Principles of erroneous action management
(Adapted from James Reason)
- Errors are universal and unavoidable behaviors.
- Mistakes are not intrinsically bad because we can learn essential skills to ski better.
- We cannot change our human condition but we can change the condition in which we ski. As our ability to provoke unwanted actions varies, identifying different features in the environment and recognizing their characteristics is essential for effective error management.
- No one is exempt: the best skier can make the worst mistake.
- Blaming others for our own errors may be personally satisfying but correctively useless. We should be responsible for our own mistakes.
- Mistakes are not causes but consequences since they have a prior chronology. The discovery of an error is the beginning of our search for its causes and only by understanding the context can its repetition be limited.
- Many erroneous actions occur within repeated patterns. Paying attention to the sources of recurring errors is one way to limit them.
- Safety errors happen at any level. The more skilled we are, the more dangerous our mistakes can be.
- Managing errors is about managing the manageable. Situations are manageable if we are attentive. The solutions can be technical, procedural, or psychological.
- Managing errors means turning a good skier into a smart skier. Improving our ability to detect errors is as important as realizing how they occur.
- There is no perfect way, no ‘best’ way. Different errors happen at different levels and require different management strategies.
- Effective error management does not focus on specific corrections but on continuous repair.
As you are empowered to exert control in exercising your self-influence to bring about desired results, the following strategies often yield appreciable results:
- Assume that skiing is a source of learning.
- Admit that you are not perfect.
- Dare to make mistakes.
- Interpret mistakes as learning opportunities.
- Take responsibility for your own actions.
- Avoid comparing your own mistakes with those of others.
- Focus on what you want to achieve, eluding the negative side of errors.
- Recognize that others may be disappointed if you make a mistake.
- Acknowledge the mistake once it has occurred.
- Avoid blaming ourselves.
- Accept that everyone makes mistakes.
- Adopt the belief that without mistakes there is no progress.
- Consider small advances as small successes.
- Instead of worrying about the error, focus on correcting it.
- Concentrate on each downturn as if it were a new beginning, thus shifting attention from the previous failure to the current performance.
- A strategy that works for certain groups of learners or athletes, although it may seem counterproductive, is to accept mistakes positively instead of negatively; instead of treating them as obstacles consider them as something that can be taken advantage of.
- When a single mistake is made it is better to forget it quickly since there is a risk that the feeling of the erroneous action will remain for the rest of the descent. On the other hand, when an action feels perfect it is advisable to try to repeat it again and again.
- Permanent identification with the error leads to identifying yourself as a resigned skier. Perceiving the attention of others who confirm your state makes you continue with the error because you became what you think you are through a deficient skier identity.
- It is advisable to reflect on the fact that you have reached the current level thanks to learning from previous mistakes and to keep in mind that it is much more rewarding to congratulate yourself for achievements than to punish for mistakes.
Conclusions
- First of all, it should be recognized that we currently live in an exitist society used to penalize mistakes and errors, but it should also be noted that when skiing, erroneous actions are rarer than correct ones.
- A healthy practice is to consider that each mistake points out what must be corrected, accepting that they happen, avoiding guilt or overcoming it, and surmounting the fear of making mistakes.
- It is important to recognize that mistakes will continue to arise so it is psychologically healthy to interpret them as learning opportunities. The source of improvement in learning is to make mistakes, not just to accomplish successes, and if mistakes do not teach us, then they become our enemy in learning.
- Instead of worrying about the mistakes made, it is necessary to worry about the solution. Many times an error leads to thinking about it and continuing to doing so leads to make more mistakes.
- Finally, denial of the mistake is another mistake.
“The biggest mistake a person can make is to be afraid of making a mistake” Elbert Hubbard.
